“It will happen afterward, that I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh; and your sons and your daughters will prophesy. Your old men will dream dreams. Your young men will see visions. And also on the servants and on the handmaids in those days, I will pour out my Spirit. I will show wonders in the heavens and in the earth: blood, fire, and pillars of smoke. The sun will be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before the great and terrible day […]
⛓ Read Joel 2 forward — the whole chapter and its afterlife →Where this passage surfaces again, sorted by the strength of the link. Each kind of reuse — formal quotation, deliberate allusion, faint echo, figural pattern — carries its own mark. Follow any reference to read it in place.
Quotation1
A formal citation — high verbal volume, often introduced by a saying-formula.
Formal, formula-marked citation ('this is what was spoken through the prophet Joel,' v.16) reproducing Joel 2:28-32 (LXX 3:1-5) at high verbal volume: pouring out the Spirit on all flesh, sons/daughters prophesying, young men visions, old men dreams, servants and handmaids, wonders in heaven and signs on earth, blood/fire/smoke, sun to darkness and moon to blood before the great day of the Lord, and whoever calls on the name of the Lord shall be saved. Luke's 'in the last days' adapts Joel's 'afterward.' The anchor quotation of the chapter; maximal on all three auditable tests.
High confidenceAllusion1
A deliberate verbal borrowing without a citation formula.
The risen Jesus tells the apostles to wait for 'the promise of the Father' and the baptism 'in the Holy Spirit not many days from now.' Volume: no verbal quotation yet, but the conceptual content (an outpouring of the Spirit on God's people in the last days) maps directly onto Joel. Recurrence: decisive — Luke makes this same Joel text the explicit hermeneutical key at Pentecost (Acts 2:16-21), so the 'promise' here is programmatic foreshadowing. Thematic coherence: high; the whole opening frames the Spirit as eschatological gift. History of interpretation broadly reads the 'promise of the Father' as Joel's Spirit-pouring. Confidence high on Recurrence and Coherence even though the immediate Volume is thematic.
High confidence