Don’t we all have one father? Hasn’t one God created us? Why do we deal treacherously every man against his brother, profaning the covenant of our fathers?
⛓ Read Malachi 2 forward — the whole chapter and its afterlife →Where this passage surfaces again, sorted by the strength of the link. Each kind of reuse — formal quotation, deliberate allusion, faint echo, figural pattern — carries its own mark. Follow any reference to read it in place.
Allusion3
A deliberate verbal borrowing without a citation formula.
'Have we not all one Father? Has not one God created us?' is the closest OT antecedent to 'one God and Father of all, who is over all and through all.' Volume is high with the doubled 'one Father / one God,' and Malachi deploys it (like Paul) to ground communal unity against fracture. Coherence is excellent.
High confidence"Have we not all one Father? Has not one God created us?" supplies Paul's distinctive pairing of one God with fatherhood and creation ("one God, the Father, of whom are all things") in v.6. The combination of "one Father" and "one God" who creates is rare and matches Paul's formulation closely. Coherence with the Shema-expansion is strong.
Medium confidence"Call no man your father... one is your Father" (v9) echoes 'Have we not all one Father? Has not one God created us?' — the prophetic insistence on a single divine paternity over the covenant community.
Medium confidenceEcho1
A fainter, low-volume reuse, carried by recurrence or thematic coherence.
'Have we not all one Father? Has not one God created us?' offers a parallel monotheistic confession linked to the unity of humanity, resonant with Paul's 'one God' grounding the universality of salvation. The pairing of divine oneness with the common bond of all people overlaps with the passage. The connection is thematic and secondary to the Shema.
Low confidence