He will be a sanctuary, but for both houses of Israel, he will be a trap and a snare for the inhabitants of Jerusalem.
⛓ Read Isaiah 8 forward — the whole chapter and its afterlife →Where this passage surfaces again, sorted by the strength of the link. Each kind of reuse — formal quotation, deliberate allusion, faint echo, figural pattern — carries its own mark. Follow any reference to read it in place.
Quotation2
A formal citation — high verbal volume, often introduced by a saying-formula.
"a stone of stumbling, and a rock of offense" (2:8) quotes Isaiah 8:14, lithos proskommatos kai petra skandalou. Third member of the stone catena, applied to the disobedient who stumble at the word; combined here (as in Rom 9:33) with Isa 28:16.
High confidencev.33 'a stumbling stone and a rock of offense' is quoted from Isaiah 8:14, where the LORD himself becomes 'a stone of stumbling and a rock of offense' to both houses of Israel. Paul conflates it with 28:16 to explain why Israel stumbled while Gentiles attained righteousness by faith.
High confidenceAllusion1
A deliberate verbal borrowing without a citation formula.
'A stumbling block to Jews' (v.23) draws on Isaiah's image of the LORD as 'a stone of stumbling and a rock of offense' to the houses of Israel. Volume is good on the distinctive 'stumbling/offense' lexeme, recurrence is strong in Paul (Rom 9:33), and the irony of God's saving act becoming an obstacle to Israel coheres precisely.
Medium confidenceEcho2
A fainter, low-volume reuse, carried by recurrence or thematic coherence.
The LORD becomes "a stone of offense and a rock of stumbling" — the prophetic stumbling-stone tradition that informs Paul's stumbling-block language in vv.9,13. Conceptual, with the term shared; Paul applies it ethically to causing the weak to fall. Contested, low volume.
Low confidence'The stumbling block of the cross' echoes the prophetic stone of stumbling and rock of offense, a Second-Temple testimony Paul uses elsewhere. Volume is faint here and the link is thematic; the contact may run through shared early-Christian stone testimonia.
Low confidence