“Before she travailed, she gave birth; before her pain came, she delivered a son.
⛓ Read Isaiah 66 forward — the whole chapter and its afterlife →Where this passage surfaces again, sorted by the strength of the link. Each kind of reuse — formal quotation, deliberate allusion, faint echo, figural pattern — carries its own mark. Follow any reference to read it in place.
Allusion1
A deliberate verbal borrowing without a citation formula.
'Before she travailed, she gave birth; before her pain came, she delivered a male child (LXX eteken arsen)' — the rare phrase 'male child' (arsen) is lexically distinctive and Zion brings forth a son. High volume and recurrence.
High confidenceEcho1
A fainter, low-volume reuse, carried by recurrence or thematic coherence.
Zion gives birth before her pangs / brings forth a man child — birth imagery for the eschatological deliverance of God's people; pairs with the male child of 12:5.
Medium confidence