But the wicked are like the troubled sea; for it can’t rest, and its waters cast up mire and dirt.
⛓ Read Isaiah 57 forward — the whole chapter and its afterlife →Where this passage surfaces again, sorted by the strength of the link. Each kind of reuse — formal quotation, deliberate allusion, faint echo, figural pattern — carries its own mark. Follow any reference to read it in place.
Allusion3
A deliberate verbal borrowing without a citation formula.
'The wicked are like the tossing sea... its waters toss up mire and dirt.' James's image of the doubter as 'a wave of the sea, driven by the wind and tossed' draws on Isaiah's simile of the restless, unstable sea for the unrighteous.
High confidence'Wild waves of the sea, foaming out their own shame' draws on Isaiah's likening of the wicked to the troubled sea that cannot rest, casting up mire and dirt. Jude turns the prophetic simile of restless wickedness into an image of the intruders foaming up shame.
High confidence'Tossed back and forth and carried about with every wind of doctrine' draws on the prophet's wicked 'like the tossing sea... whose waters toss up mire.' Volume is moderate (the instability/tossing image) and coherence is good: Isaiah uses it for the morally unstable, as Paul does for the doctrinally immature. Contested because the marine instability trope is diffuse.
Medium confidence