Hagar bore a son for Abram. Abram called the name of his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael.
⛓ Read Genesis 16 forward — the whole chapter and its afterlife →Where this passage surfaces again, sorted by the strength of the link. Each kind of reuse — formal quotation, deliberate allusion, faint echo, figural pattern — carries its own mark. Follow any reference to read it in place.
◇ Figural3
A typological pattern re-read in a later text — no verbal quotation, high figural coherence.
'Abraham had two sons, one by the handmaid' (v.22) directly recounts Hagar bearing Ishmael to Abraham. This is the foundational narrative Paul allegorizes; the citation is explicit ('it is written') and figurally load-bearing for the whole pericope.
High confidence'One is from Mount Sinai, bearing children to bondage, which is Hagar' (v.24-25) keys the whole covenant typology to the Hagar narrative. The figural identification of Hagar with Sinai/present Jerusalem in slavery is the interpretive core of the pericope.
High confidence'We are not children of a handmaid, but of the free woman' (v.31) closes the allegory by reasserting the Hagar/Sarah identification. The figural reading of the slave-woman narrative governs the concluding antithesis.
High confidence