“If you meet your enemy’s ox or his donkey going astray, you shall surely bring it back to him again. If you see the donkey of him who hates you fallen down under his burden, don’t leave him, you shall surely help him with it.
⛓ Read Exodus 23 forward — the whole chapter and its afterlife →Where this passage surfaces again, sorted by the strength of the link. Each kind of reuse — formal quotation, deliberate allusion, faint echo, figural pattern — carries its own mark. Follow any reference to read it in place.
Allusion2
A deliberate verbal borrowing without a citation formula.
The Torah already commands aiding an enemy's straying ox or fallen donkey — concrete enemy-love. This statute is the OT seedbed of 'do good to those who hate you,' giving strong Availability and Volume for the command.
High confidenceReturn your enemy's stray ox; help the donkey of one who hates you — Torah's seed of active goodwill toward enemies.
Medium confidenceEcho1
A fainter, low-volume reuse, carried by recurrence or thematic coherence.
Obligation to relieve even an enemy's overburdened or straying animal — Torah's positive duty of mercy to beasts, which Jesus leverages to argue that doing good cannot be a Sabbath violation.
Medium confidence