Yahweh went before them by day in a pillar of cloud, to lead them on their way, and by night in a pillar of fire, to give them light, that they might go by day and by night: the pillar of cloud by day, and the pillar of fire by night, didn’t depart from before the people.
⛓ Read Exodus 13 forward — the whole chapter and its afterlife →Where this passage surfaces again, sorted by the strength of the link. Each kind of reuse — formal quotation, deliberate allusion, faint echo, figural pattern — carries its own mark. Follow any reference to read it in place.
Allusion1
A deliberate verbal borrowing without a citation formula.
The pillar of cloud and pillar of fire of the Exodus theophany underlie the conjunction 'clothed with a cloud' and 'feet like pillars of fire' (stuloi pyros). New-Exodus typology coheres with Revelation's plague structure; thematic coherence strong, verbal echo on 'pillar of fire.'
Medium confidence◇ Figural1
A typological pattern re-read in a later text — no verbal quotation, high figural coherence.
The pillar of cloud leading Israel is the referent of 'our fathers were all under the cloud.' High volume and availability; Paul reads the wilderness narrative typologically, making the cloud a figure of the divine covering shared by all. Coherence with the baptismal reading of v.2 confirms the allusion.
High confidence