Was not Abraham found faithful in temptation, and it was reckoned to him for righteousness?
⛓ Read 1 Maccabees 2 forward — the whole chapter and its afterlife →Where this passage surfaces again, sorted by the strength of the link. Each kind of reuse — formal quotation, deliberate allusion, faint echo, figural pattern — carries its own mark. Follow any reference to read it in place.
Allusion1
A deliberate verbal borrowing without a citation formula.
Mattathias's deathbed exhortation: 'Was not Abraham found faithful when tested, and it was reckoned to him as righteousness?' This deuterocanonical text already fuses Genesis 15:6 with the Aqedah-as-test (Genesis 22), exactly the synthesis James makes in vv.21-23. Strong evidence James draws on this interpretive tradition.
Medium confidenceEcho1
A fainter, low-volume reuse, carried by recurrence or thematic coherence.
1 Maccabees 2:52 ('Was not Abraham found faithful when tested, and it was reckoned to him as righteousness?') itself cites Genesis 15:6 but fuses it with the Aqedah (Genesis 22) to make faith = proven works/faithfulness under testing. This is the foil for Paul's whole argument that the reckoning preceded and excluded works. Strong verbal overlap with the catchphrase 'reckoned... as righteousness'; marked contested as reception-background rather than source.
Medium confidence